资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
中央农村工作会议系列解读⑫发展生态低碳农业 以可持续理念建设农业强国****** 作者:牛坤玉 中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所 中央农村工作会议指出,要“立足人多地少的资源禀赋、农耕文明的历史底蕴、人与自然和谐共生的时代要求”,“发展生态低碳农业,赓续农耕文明”。这一重要论述与党的二十大报告中对中国式现代化的阐释相呼应,是中国式现代化在农业领域的进一步具体和深化。它明确了中国特色的农业强国的内涵和具体路径,就是要汲取农耕文化中“天人合一、道法自然”的可持续发展理念,以减污降碳协同增效为抓手,促进农业发展方式从密集型和集约型向生态化和低碳化转变。 中国农耕文明延续千年,具有高度的可持续性。一百多年前,美国土壤物理学之父富兰克林·H·金创作了著名的《四千年农夫》,阐释了东方农业文明可持续发展的精髓。数千年来,中国的农业在支撑高密度人口的同时,维持了高度的可持续性,地力没有受到破坏,源于几千年以来中国农民对于农业本质的深刻理解、把握和传承。 在农业实践中,中国农民不断调整农作物与周边自然环境的关系,最大限度地利用水土资源来维持高强度的种植制度。探索了多种维持地力永续的方式,如自古以来就施行的豆科作物与其他作物轮作,将运河污泥、燃料灰烬、人畜粪便最大限度还田的养分循环利用模式,利用梯田作业防治水土流失,三塘串联的模式保存降雨和土壤肥力等。这些农业生产模式在维持农地最大产出的同时,将对农耕资源的保护发挥到了极致。 照搬西方的农业发展模式,中国农业的可持续发展遭受挑战。受到20世纪下半叶在全球掀起的农业绿色革命思潮的影响,中国在20世纪90年代加速了化学农业的进程。从1988年到1998年,中国化肥施用量在十年内连续上升了两个千万吨台阶,在粮食产量大幅增加的同时,也开启了农业种养分离的过程。化肥、农药替代了人畜粪便,机械替代了役畜,农业养分循环的闭环被打破,传承几千年的可持续农业体系在短短三十年间遭受前所未有的挑战。与西方发展低强度的农业系统不同,人多地少的资源禀赋,注定了中国农业需要通过高强度的作业方式,来支撑高密度的人口以及经济发展的需求。实践告诉我们,一味照搬西方的农业发展模式在中国行不通。 今年的中央农村工作会议首次强调要立足“农耕文明的历史底蕴”,“发展生态低碳农业,赓续农耕文明”,实则是对中国农业发展模式的一次反思和重构,为中国特色的农业可持续发展道路指明了方向。 从以往的发展“绿色农业”到今年提出的“生态低碳农业”,意味着农业可持续发展的内涵的进一步丰富。“绿色农业”的着力点在减污,而“生态农业”则意味着既要减少污染排放,还要维持农田生态系统的生物多样性。低碳则表示要减少与农业生产相关的温室气体排放,提高农业的气候韧性。可见“生态低碳农业”的提出是农业可持续发展的全面升级,也将为实现农业高质量发展注入新动能。 现代技术与传统农耕文明结合,重构可持续生态农业。中国农耕文明体系是在长期的人口资源压力下,经过长达4000多年的演化逐渐成熟起来的。传承农耕文明是摆脱对化学农药的路径依赖,实现农业可持续发展的根本途径。时至今日,中国农业也呈现出一些新特点和新问题,在城镇化、工业化背景下,中国农村非农化、兼业化程度不断提高,很难再回到那种传统的劳动密集型的生态农业模式。 现代的工程技术与传统的可持续发展理念相结合是农耕文明延续和传承的必然举措。一方面要继续探索和改进适应各地水土资源条件的间作轮作、生态复合种养以及种养循环的可持续发展模式。另一方面,要利用现代的科学技术改造传统农业,借助数字农业技术、生物工程技术大力开发有机肥制备、土壤改良、废弃物处理和利用、生物农药制造等新工艺,促进智能化控制系统与工程化设备的研发推广,发展资本密集型和技术密集型的种养循环模式。 增强政策间的协同性,促进农业发展的生态化和低碳化。减污、降碳、生态、保供协同推进,是未来农业政策体系面临的新挑战。应继续推动化肥农药减量减施等绿色低碳相协同的政策和技术的推广,加大对生态低碳的生产模式以及关键技术的研发力度。促进植树造林、牧场管理和湿地恢复等基于自然的解决路径的实施。增强农田生态系统的多样性保护,促进增产扩面工程与生态系统完整性保护的协同,发展适度规模农业,在修建大型农田水利设施以及高标准农田建设的过程中,应注重对水系、湿地等生态廊道的保护。制定以生物多样性指标为补偿标准的生态补偿计划。在消费端,通过减少损耗和浪费、促进食品废弃物回收利用推动农业系统的减排固碳。加大对气候适应型作物品种、农业生产模式以及技术的研发和推广力度。 (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |